Journal: Molecular Neurobiology

Article Title: Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem Cell–Derived Exosomes Enhance Microglia M2 Polarization via the FGFR1/PLCγ1 Axis to Alleviate Alzheimer’s Disease

doi: 10.1007/s12035-026-05797-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: OM-MSCs-Exo induced M2-polarized microglial cells through FGFR1 delivery, resulting in attenuated neuronal inflammation. A CCK8 assay in HT-22 and SH-SY5Y cells. B The apoptosis rate of HT-22 and SH-SY5Y cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. C IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels of HT-22 and SH-SY5Y cells. The HT-22 cells in the Co-control group, Co-Aβ 1–42 group, Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo group, Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−NC group, and Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−FGFR1 group were co-cultured with the corresponding BV2 cells for 24 h. The SH-SY5Y cells in the Co-control group, Co-Aβ 1–42 group, Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo group, Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−NC group, and Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−FGFR1 group were co-cultured with the corresponding HMC3 cells for 24 h ( n = 3). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Normality was confirmed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Thereafter, data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA (followed by Tukey’s post hoc test) for multiple-group comparisons

Article Snippet: According to the instruction manuals of the mouse interleukin (IL)−1β (CSB-E08054m; Cusabio), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (CSB-E04741m; Cusabio), IL-6 (CSB-E04639m; Cusabio), and Aβ 1–42 (CSB-E10787m; Cusabio) detection kits, the corresponding molecular levels in cells or tissues were measured.

Techniques: CCK-8 Assay, Flow Cytometry, Control, Cell Culture

Journal: Molecular Neurobiology

Article Title: Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem Cell–Derived Exosomes Enhance Microglia M2 Polarization via the FGFR1/PLCγ1 Axis to Alleviate Alzheimer’s Disease

doi: 10.1007/s12035-026-05797-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: OM-MSCs-Exo delivered FGFR1 to interact with PLCγ1 in microglia, suppressing the inflammatory response of co-cultured HT-22 and SH-SY5Y cells. A CCK8 assay in HT-22 and SH-SY5Y cells. B The apoptosis rate of neurons cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. C IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels of HT-22 and SH-SY5Y cells. The HT-22 cells in the Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−NC group, Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−FGFR1 group, Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−FGFR1 + si-NC group, and Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−FGFR1 + si-PLCγ1 group were co-cultured with the corresponding BV2 cells for 24 h. The SH-SY5Y cells in the Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−NC group, Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−FGFR1 group, Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−FGFR1 + si-NC group, and Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−FGFR1 + si-PLCγ1 group were co-cultured with the corresponding HMC3 cells for 24 h ( n = 3). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Normality was confirmed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Thereafter, data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA (followed by Tukey’s post hoc test) for multiple-group comparisons

Article Snippet: According to the instruction manuals of the mouse interleukin (IL)−1β (CSB-E08054m; Cusabio), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (CSB-E04741m; Cusabio), IL-6 (CSB-E04639m; Cusabio), and Aβ 1–42 (CSB-E10787m; Cusabio) detection kits, the corresponding molecular levels in cells or tissues were measured.

Techniques: Cell Culture, CCK-8 Assay, Flow Cytometry

Journal: Molecular Neurobiology

Article Title: Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem Cell–Derived Exosomes Enhance Microglia M2 Polarization via the FGFR1/PLCγ1 Axis to Alleviate Alzheimer’s Disease

doi: 10.1007/s12035-026-05797-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: OM-MSCs-Exo alleviated cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation in AD mice through FGFR1. A Swimming distance, swimming time, number of platform arrivals, and latency to first entry ( n = 6). B The hippocampal tissues of mice were stained with HE. C Nissl staining was performed in the hippocampus of mice. D TUNEL assay. E Data plot of the TUNEL assay. F Levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in mice hippocampus. G WB analysis of Aβ, p-Tau/Tau in mice hippocampus. H Aβ 1–42 levels were detected. I FGFR1 and PLCγ1 levels were measured. J Levels of p-NF-κB/NF-κB. K , L IF staining of CD86 and CD206 in mice hippocampus. M Levels of microglia M1 and M2 polarization–related factors in mice hippocampus ( n = 5). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Normality was confirmed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Thereafter, data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA (followed by Tukey’s post hoc test) for multiple-group comparisons

Article Snippet: According to the instruction manuals of the mouse interleukin (IL)−1β (CSB-E08054m; Cusabio), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (CSB-E04741m; Cusabio), IL-6 (CSB-E04639m; Cusabio), and Aβ 1–42 (CSB-E10787m; Cusabio) detection kits, the corresponding molecular levels in cells or tissues were measured.

Techniques: Staining, TUNEL Assay

Journal: Pharmaceuticals

Article Title: Self-Assembled Rg3/Naringenin Nanoparticles for Targeted Brain Delivery: A Promising Therapeutic Approach for Early Alzheimer’s Disease

doi: 10.3390/ph19030367

Figure Lengend Snippet: Therapeutic effects of GNNs on mouse hippocampal neuronal cells: ( A ) Electron microscopy results of Aβ 1–42 oligomers. ( B ) CCK8 detection results of mouse neuronal HT22 cells. ( C ) Detection of C6 cellular uptake rate (green fluorescence). Scale bar: 150μm. ( D ) Double staining results of mouse neuronal cells with Hoechst33342/PI (blue: Hoechst33342, red: PI). Scale bar: 150μm. ( E ) Quantification of Hoechst33342/PI fluorescence. ( F ) JC-1 fluorescence staining results of mouse neuronal cells (green: J-aggregate, red: J-monomer). Scale bar: 150 μm. ( G ) Quantification results of JC-1 fluorescence. ( H ) ROS fluorescence staining results of mouse neuronal HT22 cells (green: ROS signal). Scale bar: 150 μm. ( I ) Quantification results of ROS fluorescence. ( J ) IL-6. ( K ) IL-1β. ( L ) In vivo real-time imaging. *, p < 0.05 vs. Control; **, p < 0.01 vs. Control; #, p < 0.05 vs. Model; ##, p < 0.01 vs. Model.

Article Snippet: Aβ 1–42 peptide was purchased from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.

Techniques: Electron Microscopy, Fluorescence, Double Staining, Staining, In Vivo, Imaging, Control

Journal: Pharmaceuticals

Article Title: Self-Assembled Rg3/Naringenin Nanoparticles for Targeted Brain Delivery: A Promising Therapeutic Approach for Early Alzheimer’s Disease

doi: 10.3390/ph19030367

Figure Lengend Snippet: GNNs improve neuronal apoptosis in the brains of AD mice: ( A ) HE staining images of CA1, CA2, and DG regions in mouse hippocampus. Scale bar: 150 μm. ( B ) Percentage of healthy cells. ( C ) Nissl staining images of CA1, CA2, and DG regions in mouse hippocampus. Scale bar: 150 μm. ( D ) Number of healthy Nissl bodies. ( E ) Aβ immunohistochemical staining images. Scale bar: 150 μm. ( F ) Quantitative analysis of Aβ 1–42 immunohistochemical staining. ( G ) Iba-1 immunohistochemical staining images. Scale bar: 150 μm. ( H ) Quantitative analysis of Iba-1 immunohistochemical staining. ( I ) Tau immunohistochemical staining images. Scale bar: 150 μm. ( J ) Quantitative analysis of Tau immunohistochemical staining. ( K ) GFAP immunohistochemical staining images. Scale bar: 150 μm. ( L ) Quantitative analysis of GFAP immunohistochemical staining. **, p < 0.01 vs. Control; ##, p < 0.01 vs. Model.

Article Snippet: Aβ 1–42 peptide was purchased from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.

Techniques: Staining, Immunohistochemical staining, Control